Consider: Commentators and Historians propose Judaism understood that 40 lashes was capable of causing death. Other commentators apply the same reasoning to Roman judgment of 40 lashes. / Consider: Judaism, in order to prevent intentional killing under a whipping judgment, has applied this command as “forty minus one” lashes He may sentence him to no more than forty stripes. He shall not give more; lest, if he should give more, and beat him more than that many stripes, then your brother will be degraded in your sight.
R. Note: Not to steal by withholding the rightful or appropriate compensation You shall not muzzle the ox when he treads out the grain. § Quoted in 1 Cor 9:9; 1 Tim 5:18
T. Example: Ruth [Friend] had to be released from the nameless first kinsman before Boaz [In majesty, in strength], the second kinsman, was able to act as go'el ·redeemer / kinsman· to Ruth (Ruth 4:4-10) If brothers dwell together, and one of them dies, and has no son, the wife of the dead shall not be married outside to a stranger. † Deut 25:5 (#7.481): T. The brother-in-law is to marry the widow of his brother, should he die and his brother is childless / R. To preform yavam ·brother-in-law’s duty·
T. Note: In Hebrew, the brother-in-law is called the yavam ·husband’s brother·, the widow is called the yevamah yevamah ·(deceased) husband’s wife·, thus the arrangement is called yavam ·brother-in-law’s duty· Her husband’s brother shall go in to her, and take her as his wife, and perform the duty of a husband’s brother to her. 6 It shall be that the firstborn whom she bears shall succeed in the name of his brother who is dead, that his name not be blotted out of Israel [God prevails]. ‡ Quoted in Matt 22:24; Mark 12:19; Luke 20:28
T. Directive: The brother-in-law is to appear before the elders of the town and confess he refuses to marry his deceased brother’s wife then his brother’s wife shall come to him in the presence of the elders, and loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his face. She shall answer and say, “So shall it be done to the man who does not build up his brother’s house.” 10 His name shall be called in Israel [God prevails], “The house of him who had his shoe removed.”
Consider: Many people who compile Torah ·Teaching· commands agree on this interpretation, unique from the direct reading of the text then you shall cut off her hand. † Deut 25:12 (#6.428): T. “When men strive together one with another, and the wife of the one draws near to deliver her husband out of the hand of him who strikes him, and puts forth her hand grabbing him by the private parts; (v11) then you shall cut off her hand, your eye shall have no pity” (v12) / R. Not to pity the pursuer / R. Not to spare a pursuer, but he is to be slain before he reaches the pursued and in order to prevent the pursuer from slaying the pursued or uncovering their nakedness
Consider: Many people who compile Torah ·Teaching· commands agree on this interpretation, unique from the direct reading of the text Your eye shall have no pity.
*25:2 Deut 25:2 (Deut 25:1-3) (#6.425): T. The judge is to whip the wicked in proportion to the offense / R. For the court are to carry out to whipping the wicked person, the wrong-doer
†25:3 Deut 25:3 (#6.426): T. A judge shall not inflict more than 40 lashes / R. The court must not exceed the prescribed number of lashes Consider: Commentators and Historians propose Judaism understood that 40 lashes was capable of causing death. Other commentators apply the same reasoning to Roman judgment of 40 lashes. / Consider: Judaism, in order to prevent intentional killing under a whipping judgment, has applied this command as “forty minus one” lashes
‡25:4 Deut 25:4 (#8.545): T. Not to muzzle an animal while threshing grain / R. Not to muzzle an ox while plowing R. Note: Not to steal by withholding the rightful or appropriate compensation
§25:4 Quoted in 1 Cor 9:9; 1 Tim 5:18
*25:5 Deut 25:5 (#7.480): T. The widow whose husband has died and remains childless shall only marry her deceased husband’s brother / R. The widow must not remarry until the ties with her brother-in-law are removed T. Example: Ruth [Friend] had to be released from the nameless first kinsman before Boaz [In majesty, in strength], the second kinsman, was able to act as go'el ·redeemer / kinsman· to Ruth (Ruth 4:4-10)
†25:5 Deut 25:5 (#7.481): T. The brother-in-law is to marry the widow of his brother, should he die and his brother is childless / R. To preform yavam ·brother-in-law’s duty· T. Note: In Hebrew, the brother-in-law is called the yavam ·husband’s brother·, the widow is called the yevamah yevamah ·(deceased) husband’s wife·, thus the arrangement is called yavam ·brother-in-law’s duty·
‡25:6 Quoted in Matt 22:24; Mark 12:19; Luke 20:28
§25:9 Deut 25:9 (Deut 25:7-10) (#7.482): T. For the widow to be formally released to marry anyone she will if the brother-in-law refuses to marry her / R. To do chalitzah ·the ceremony freeing a widow from the brother-in-law’s duty to marry her·. This arrangement is called yavam ·brother-in-law’s duty· T. Directive: The brother-in-law is to appear before the elders of the town and confess he refuses to marry his deceased brother’s wife
*25:12 Deut 25:12 (Deut 25:11-12) (#6.427): T. “When men strive together one with another, and the wife of the one draws near to deliver her husband out of the hand of him who strikes him, and puts forth her hand grabbing him by the private parts; (v11) then you shall cut off her hand, your eye shall have no pity” (v12) / R. To save the life of the one being pursued, even if it requires taking the life of the pursuer Consider: Many people who compile Torah ·Teaching· commands agree on this interpretation, unique from the direct reading of the text
†25:12 Deut 25:12 (#6.428): T. “When men strive together one with another, and the wife of the one draws near to deliver her husband out of the hand of him who strikes him, and puts forth her hand grabbing him by the private parts; (v11) then you shall cut off her hand, your eye shall have no pity” (v12) / R. Not to pity the pursuer / R. Not to spare a pursuer, but he is to be slain before he reaches the pursued and in order to prevent the pursuer from slaying the pursued or uncovering their nakedness Consider: Many people who compile Torah ·Teaching· commands agree on this interpretation, unique from the direct reading of the text
‡25:13 Deut 25:13-14 (Deut 25:13-16) (#9.577): T. Not to possess dishonest weights and measurements / R. Not to possess inaccurate scales and weights even if they are not for use
§25:17 Deut 25:17 (Deut 25:17-18; Ex 17:8-16) (#6.429): To remember what Amalek did Note: When leaving Egypt, he attacked Israel and the stragglers; he was unafraid of God
*25:19 Deut 25:19 (Deut 25:17-19) (#6.430): T. To wipe out the memory of Amalek from under heaven / R. Not to forget Amalek’s atrocities and ambush on our journey from Egypt in the desert, don’t forget!
†25:19 Deut 25:19 (Deut 25:17-19) (#6.431): T. This is not found in the straight forward text; it could be implied by (Deut 25:19) / R. Wipe out the descendants of Amalek